Applying Racial Equity to U.S. Federal Nutrition Assistance Programs - Flipbook - Page 80
ty Health. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=23
165 “Healthy People 2010 Final Review.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. 2012.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hpdata2010/hp2010_final_review.pdf
166 “Infant Mortality and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders.” U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services. Office of Minority Health. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.
aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=83
167 “Preconception care: Maximizing the gains for maternal and child health.” World
Health Organization, Policy Brief. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/preconception_care_policy_brief.pdf
168 Note: This data does not disaggregate Native Hawaiians from Pacific Islanders and
Asians. The Institute believes that disaggregating this data would likely increase the rate of
20.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. “Trend: Maternal Mortality in Hawaii in 2018.” Health of
Women and Children. https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/health-of-womenand-children/measure/maternal_mortality/state/HI
169 “Recommendations to Improve Preconception Health and Health Care.” Center for
Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5506a1.htm and Birch,
Stephanie, RNC, MPH, MS, FNP. “Prematurity.” PULSE Newsletter. Association of Child
and Maternal Health Programs. November 2011. http://www.amchp.org/AboutAMCHP/
Newsletters/Pulse/Documents/Pulse_November11.pdf
170 “Recommendations to Improve Preconception Health and Health Care.” Centers for
Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5506a1.htm
171 ??
172 ??
173 “WIC Breastfeeding Peer Counseling Study Phase II: Follow-up Implementation Report.”
Prepared for Karen Castellanos-Brown. U.S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition
Service. Submitted by Carter Epstein Ann Collins Abt Associates. Final Draft, October 2015.
https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/WICPeerCounseling-PhaseII.pdf
174 “The Prenatal Revolution.” HealthConnect One. https://www.healthconnectone.org/
wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/HCO_ThePeriRev-R6-B_ELECTRONIC_93.pdf
175 “The Strategy to Improve Birth Outcomes in Baltimore City.” City of Baltimore, Health
Department of Baltimore, Maryland, CareFirst Blue Cross Blue Shield, The Family League
of Baltimore City. April 2009. http://www.healthybabiesbaltimore.com/uploads/file/pdfs/
SIBO%20Strategy%202009.pdf
176 African American Breastfeeding Network. http://aabnetwork.org/
177 Oregon Inter-tribal Breastfeeding Network. https://oitbc.com/events-2/
178 National Grocers Association. https://www.nationalgrocers.org/
179 Ibid.
180 “Table 112. Number and percentage distribution of public school students eligible for
free or reduced-price lunch, by school level, locale, and student race/ethnicity: 2010-11.”
National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/
dt12_112.asp
181 Nearly 60 percent of counties with Indigenous populations of 40 percent or more are
among the areas of the country with the highest food insecurity rates. Among those counties,
poverty rates range from 33 percent to 62 percent, with the majority of counties having
poverty rates of more than 40 percent. This is how the Institute determined that one in two
Indigenous people living in a county with a high Indigenous population live in an area of
concentrated poverty. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/mapping-food-insecurity-and-distress-american-indian-and-alaska-native-communities and POVERTY STATUS IN THE
PAST 12 MONTHS BY SEX BY AGE (AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE
ALONE)
2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Table B17001C for Navajo County, AZ; Big Horn, MT; Blaine County, MT; Glacier County, MT; Mahnomen County, MT;
Roosevelt County, MT; Rolette County, MT; Benson County, ND; Thurston County, NE;
Apache NM; Menominee County, NM; Bennet County, SD; Jackson County, SD; Mellette
County, SD; Shannon, SD; Sioux County, SD; Todd County, SD; and San Juan, UT.
182 “Fragile Environments, Resilient Communities.” Bread for the World Institute. Hunger
Report 2017. http://hungerreport.org/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/hunger-report-2017full.pdf
183 “Data and Statistics on Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders.” White House Initiative
on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. https://sites.ed.gov/aapi/data-and-statistics/
184 “School Meals Community Eligibility Provision.” U.S. Department of Agriculture. Last
Published: December 2018. https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/community-eligibility-provision
185 According to the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), schools are eligible to operate under
80
the CEP if the Identified Student Percentage, or percentage of students categorically eligible
for free meals based on their participation in other specified means-tested programs, such
as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), is 40 percent or higher. (source
USDA-FNS)
186 Since schools receive higher reimbursement rates for all meals served
187 Note: To implement the program during the school day, outside of regular breakfast and
lunch times
188 One study estimates that the implementation of programs such as the FFVP over a oneto two-year time period would increase the habitual consumption of fruits and vegetables
by 17 percent among elementary school children who participate in the program. “National
school food policies have potential to improve health now and later.” Tufts University, Health
Sciences Campus. July 2018. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180709101102.
htm?utm_source=Agri-Pulse+Daily+Harvest+2018&utm_campaign=22ebedba1f-EMAIL_
CAMPAIGN_2018_07_10_09_54&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6978e27d37-22ebedba1f-48782873
189 “Concentration of Public School Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunch.”
National Center for Education Statistics. May 2019. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_clb.asp
190 “NSLP Equipment Assistance Grants.” U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. May 2018. https://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp-equipment-assistance-grants
191 “USDA Announces Summer EBT Grants; Includes New States, Rural Communities.”
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Release No. 0066.17. https://
www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2017/006617
192 “Report Shows Monthly Summer EBT Benefit Reduces Food Insecurity in Children,
Improves Nutrition.” U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Release
No. FNS 0008.16. https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2016/fns-000816
193 “Got Milk? African Americans and Lactose Intolerance.” BlackDoctor.org. https://blackdoctor.org/464353/african-americans-lactose-intolerance/
194 Lang, Susan S. “Lactose intolerance seems linked to ancestral struggles with harsh
climate and cattle diseases, Cornell study finds.” Cornell Chronicle. June 2005. http://news.
cornell.edu/stories/2005/06/lactose-intolerance-linked-ancestral-struggles-climate-diseases
195 60 to 80 percent of African Americans and 80 to 100 percent of Indigenous people are
lactose intolerant. “Lactose Intolerance:
Information for Health Care Providers.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institute of Health, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/
documents/NICHD_MM_Lactose_FS_rev.pdf
196 “Obesity and American Indians/Alaska Natives.” U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services. Office of Minority Health. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.
aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=40
197 “Obesity and African Americans.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Office of Minority Health. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=25
198 “State Policies to Prevent Obesity.” State of Obesity. https://stateofobesity.org/
199 Rates of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children (less than 18 years old) – by Race. (NHANES
data). Grassroots Health: Moving Research into Practice. December 2016. https://grassrootshealth.net/document/vitamin-d-deficiency-children-race/
200 “Vitamin D Insufficiency Is Associated with Diabetes Risk in Native American Children.” October 2011. Sage Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/
abs/10.1177/0009922811417290
201 Vitamin D intake affects many aspects of health, including bone growth and the immune
system’s ability to prevent infections as well as brain development and behavior. Source: “Vitamin D in Children Health.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National
Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. September 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928729/
202 In severe cases, Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease leading
to soft bones and skeletal deformities. Source: “Vitamin D Deficiency.” WebMD. https://www.
webmd.com/diet/guide/vitamin-d-deficiency#1
203 Additionally, low blood levels of vitamin D have been associated with increased risk of
cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment in older adults, and severe asthma in children.
Source: Ibid.
204 “Hispanic Children at Much Greater Risk of Malnutrition.” Board of Hispanic Caucus
Chairs. January 2014. http://bhcc.org/2014/01/hispanic-children-greater-risk-malnutrition/
205 “Nutrition Standards for School Meals.” United States Department of Agriculture. Food
and Nutrition Services. February 13, 2019. https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/nutrition-standards-school-meals
206 Upfront verification is when families submit income information along with their application, before the child is enrolled in the child nutrition program.
207 Graduated verification is an added second round of verification if 25 percent or more of
APPLYING RACIAL EQUITY TO U.S. FEDERAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS: SNAP, WIC AND CHILD NUTRITION
