Applying Racial Equity to U.S. Federal Nutrition Assistance Programs - Flipbook - Page 78
of the United States?” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. November 2017. https://www.
cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/how-is-food-assistance-different-in-puerto-rico-than-in-therest-of-the
80 http://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/downloads/fact-sheet-hunger-poverty-puerto-rico-october-2017.pdf
81 Note: See https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/fr-051900 for information on SNAP in Guam and
the Virgin Islands.
82 Bread analysis from POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, 2012-2016
American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table S1701. 44.9 people in Puerto Rico
live below the federal poverty line. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/
productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_S1701&prodType=table
83 Bread calculations based on 2010 census data (most recent data available). According to the
U.S. Census, 37,441 people in the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands live below the
federal poverty line out of a total population of 53,883. American Community Survey. Profile
of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2010. 2010 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands Demographic Profile Data. Tables DP-1 and DP-3.
84 Bread calculations based on 2010 census data (most recent data available). According to
the U.S. Census, 41,429 people in American aSamoa live below the federal poverty line, out
of a total population of 55,519 American Community Survey. Profile of Selected Economic
Characteristics: 2010. 2010 American Samoa Demographic Profile Data. Tables DP-1 and
DP-3.
85 “History and Culture: Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act—1975.”
Northern Plains Reservations Aid. http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_selfdeterminationact
86 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities analysis: Dorothy Roseburg.
87 More on strategies for self-determination can be found in “Feeding Ourselves: Food
Access, Health Disparities, and the Pathways to Healthy Native Communities.” Report
Prepared by Echo Hawk Consulting. Commissioned by the American Heart Association and
Voices for Healthy Kids. 2015. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@adv/
documents/downloadable/ucm_475567.pdf
88 “Native American leaders hail 2018 farm bill as a “historic milestone” for Indian Country.” Char-Koosta News: The Office News Publication of the Flathead Indian Reservation.
Dec 2018. http://www.charkoosta.com/news/native-american-leaders-hail-farm-bill-as-a-historic-milestone/article_8eb469c8-0a18-11e9-94d5-27635469b5ac.html
89 “Long-term benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.” United States
Executive Office of the President. December 2015. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/
sites/whitehouse.gov/files/documents/SNAP_report_final_nonembargo.pdf
90 “SNAP Food Security In-Depth Interview Study: Final Report.” Nutrition Assistance
Program Report Series Office of Research and Analysis. Family Nutrition Programs. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition March 2013. Service. https://fns-prod.azureedge.
net/sites/default/files/SNAPFoodSec.pdf
91 “Who Has Time to Cook? How Family Resources Influence Food Preparation.” United
States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Report Number 40. May
2007. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45797/11722_err40_1_.pdf?v=0
92 Ibid.
93 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). How Do I Apply for SNAP? U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. August 2018. https://www.fns.usda.
gov/snap/apply
94 “Access Program.” AT&T Shop and Support Page. 2019. https://www.att.com/shop/internet/access/#!/
95 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Online Purchasing Pilot. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. October 2018. https://www.fns.usda.
gov/snap/online-purchasing-pilot
96 TRENDS IN SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM PARTICIPATION RATES: FISCAL YEAR 2010 TO FISCAL YEAR 2016 (SUMMARY). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. July 2018. https://fns-prod.azureedge.
net/sites/default/files/snap/Trends2010-2016-Summary.pdf
97 “Indigenous Food Systems: Transformative Strategies to Perpetuate Nationhood.” First
Nations Development Institute. 2018. https://www.firstnations.org/publications/indigenous-food-systems-transformative-strategies-to-perpetuate-nationhood/
98 Ibid.
99 Carlson, Steve and Zoe Neuberger. “WIC Works: Addressing the Nutrition and Health
Needs of Low-Income Families for 40 Years.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Revised
March 25, 2017. https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/wic-works-addressing-the-nutrition-and-health-needs-of-low-income-families
100 WIC and Adjunctive Eligibility. National WIC Association. March 2018. https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws.upl/nwica.org/2018-wic-wic-and-adjunctive-eligibility.pdf
101 Victor Oliveira and others (September 2002), The WIC Program: Background, Trends, and
78
Issues, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, p. iii.
102 “WIC-Medicaid II Feasibility Study: Final Report.” United States Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Mathematica Policy Research. September 2018. https://fnsprod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/WICMedicaidII-Feasibility.pdf
103 Whaley, Shannon E., et al “The Impact of WIC Food Package Changes on Access to
Healthful Food in 2 Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods.” Journal of Nutrition Education
and Behavior. https://www.jneb.org/article/S1499-4046(11)00512-4/fulltext
104 WIC Monthly Program Participation Chart. December 2018. https://fns-prod.azureedge.
net/sites/default/files/pd/37WIC_Monthly.pdf
105 “WIC-Medicaid II Feasibility Study: Final Report.” United States Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Mathematica Policy Research. September 2018. https://fnsprod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/WICMedicaidII-Feasibility.pdf
106 “Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): About WIC-WIC at a Glance.” United States
Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Feb 2015. https://www.fns.usda.gov/
wic/about-wic-wic-glance
107 “WIC-Medicaid II Feasibility Study: Final Report.” United States Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Mathematica Policy Research. September 2018. https://fnsprod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/WICMedicaidII-Feasibility.pdf
108 “WIC Participants and Program Characteristics 2016 Final Report.” United States
Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Policy Support. April 2018.
https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/WICPC2016.pdf
109 Ibid.
110 Ibid.
111 Carlson, Steve and Zoe Neuberger. “WIC Works: Addressing the Nutrition and Health
Needs of Low-Income Families for 40 Years.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Revised
March 25, 2017.www.cbpp.org/wicworks
112 Diet Quality of American Young Children by WIC Participation Status: Data from the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2008. United States Department
of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Nutrition Assistance Program Report. May 2015.
https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/NHANES-WIC05-08.pdf
113 Reassessing the Association between WIC and Birth Outcomes Using a Fetuses-at-Risk
Approach. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library
of Medicine National Institutes of Health. April 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/27531011
114 Declining prevalence of anemia among low-income children in the United States.
National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine National
Institutes of Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3625969
115 Carlson, Steve and Zoe Neuberger. “WIC Works: Addressing the Nutrition and Health
Needs of Low-Income Families for 40 Years.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Revised
March 25, 2017.www.cbpp.org/wicworks
116 Ibid.
117 “The Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality and Racial Disparities.”
National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National
Institutes of Health. April 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2837444/
118 Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): WIC Eligibility Requirements. Last Published:
May 2018. https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/wic-eligibility-requirements
119 Research has shown that WIC participation has played a key role in a reduction of the
risk of low birthweight by between 23 and 26 percent. WIC has also been identified as one of
the primary contributors to the significant decrease in anemia among low-income children
between 1975 (7.8 percent) and 1985 (2.9 percent). Reassessing the Association between WIC
and Birth Outcomes Using a Fetuses-at-Risk Approach and Declining Prevalence of anemia
among low-income children in the United States.
120 “WIC Participants and Program Characteristics 2016 Final Report.” United States
Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Policy Support April 2018.
https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/WICPC2016.pdf
121 African American female returning citizens, for example, have a far higher unemployment rate (43.6 percent) than white female returning citizens (23.2 percent), contributing to
higher hunger rates post-incarceration. Out of Prison & Out of Work: Unemployment among
formerly incarcerated people.” Prison Policy Initiative. July 2018. https://www.prisonpolicy.
org/reports/outofwork.html
122 The National Institutes of Health reported in a pilot study that 91 percent of returning
citizens identify as food insecure. A Pilot Study Examining Food Insecurity and HIV Risk
Behaviors Among Individuals Recently Released from Prison. National Institute of Health.
April 2013. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733343/pdf/nihms469405.pdf
123 While this is the rate of food insecurity when a parent is released, research shows that
while a parent is incarcerated, 70 percent of households with children became food insecure.
“Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families.” Ella Baker Center for Human
Rights. September 2015. http://ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/who-pays.pdf
APPLYING RACIAL EQUITY TO U.S. FEDERAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS: SNAP, WIC AND CHILD NUTRITION
