Applying Racial Equity to U.S. Federal Nutrition Assistance Programs - Flipbook - Page 77
Appendix 7. *Data calculated from Bread estimates for fiscal year 2017 based on data from:
“Policy Basics: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).” Center on Budget
and Policy Priorities. February 2018. https://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-basics-the-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap
39 Household Food Security in the United States in 2017. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Report, Number 256. September 2018. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/90023/err-256.pdf?v=0
40 Caroline Ratcliffe and Signe-Mary McKernan (March 2010), “How Much Does SNAP Reduce Food Insecurity?” The Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publicati
on/28506/412065-How-Much-Does-SNAP-Reduce-Food-Insecurity-.PDF
41 “Policy Basics: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).” Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities. Feb 2018. https://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-basics-the-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap
42 Ibid.
43 In a 2012 longitudinal study, USDA found that households that had received SNAP
benefits for six months had nearly an 11 percent decline in food insecurity compared to new
entrant households. https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/Measuring2013.pdf
44 A more recent study of nearly 3,000 households with children published in Pediatrics
found that child food insecurity rates were one-third lower in households that had been
receiving SNAP for 6 months or more, compared to households that had been recently
approved for SNAP but were not yet receiving benefits. This data points to the importance
of SNAP in reducing food insecurity for millions of families across the country. James Mabil
and Julie Worthington (April 2014), “Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Child
Food Security,” Pediatrics Volume 133, Number 4.
45 “Policy Basics: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).” Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities. Feb 2018. https://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-basics-the-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap
46 “Wage Stagnation in Nine Charts.” Economic Policy Institute. January 2015. https://www.
epi.org/files/2013/wage-stagnation-in-nine-charts.pdf
47 The 10 lowest-paid occupations in the United States are concentrated in retail, domestic
work, and food preparation. Read more about this in the glossary and at https://www.dol.gov/
wb/stats/Highest-lowest-paying-occupations.htm
48 Household Food Security in the United States in 2017. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Report, Number 256. September 2018. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/90023/err-256.pdf?v=0
49 Earlier anti-poverty policies penalized married couples.
50 “Assessing the Impact of Electronic Benefits Transfer on America’s Communities and the
U.S. Payment System.” Conference Summary. Federal Reserve of Philadelphia and Electronic Funds Transfer Association. September 20 - 21, 2004 https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/
media/consumer-finance-institute/payment-cards-center/events/conferences/2004/ebt%20
summary%20with%20cover.pdf?la=en
51 “Tribal Food Assistance: A Comparison of the Food Distribution Program on Indian
Reservations (FDPIR) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).”
Urban Institute. November 2009. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/28396/412034-Tribal-Food-Assistance.PDF
52 Jessica Todd, “Revisiting the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program cycle of food
intake: Investigating heterogeneity, diet quality, and a large boost in benefit amounts,” Applied
Economic Perspectives and Policy, 2014; Michael Kuhn, “Causes and Consequences of the Calorie
Crunch,” UKCPR Discussion Paper 2016-11, http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1109&context=ukcpr_papers; Jesse Shapiro, “Is there a Daily Discount Rate?
Evidence from the Food Stamp Nutrition Cycle,” Journal of Public Economics, Volume 89,
Issues 2-3, February 2005.
53 Food Resource and Action Center (FRAC), 2012. “Replacing the Thrifty Food Plan in
order to provide adequate allotments for food stamp beneficiaries,” http://www.frac.org/
wp-content/uploads/thrifty_food_plan_2012.pdf
54 Hilary Seligman, et al., “Exhaustion of Food Budgets at Month’s End and Hospital
Admissions for Hypoglycemia,” Health Affairs, January 2014, 33(1):116-123, https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215698/.
55 The Nourishing Effect: Ending Hunger, Improving Health, Reducing Inequality. Bread
for the World Institute 2016 Hunger Report. November 2015. http://hungerreport.org/2016/
wp-content/uploads/2015/11/HR2016-Full-Report-Web.pdf
56 Household Food Security in the United States in 2017. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Report, Number 256. September 2018. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/90023/err-256.pdf?v=0
57 Rosenbaum, Dorothy. “Policy Brief: Boosting SNAP Benefits Would Improve Diets of
Low-Income Households.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. June 2016. https://www.
cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/6-14-16fa-pb.pdf
58 Indian Country Food Price Index: Exploring Variation in Food Pricing across Native
Communities. A Working Paper II. First Nations Development Institute. 2018. https://www.
firstnations.org/system/files/Food%20Price%20Index%202018FINALsmall.pdf
59 “Who Has Time to Cook?How Family Resources Influence Food Preparation.” United
States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Report Number 40. May
2007. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45797/11722_err40_1_.pdf?v=0
60 “Recipes and Tips for Healthy, Thrifty Meals.” Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture. CNPP-11. 2000.
61 “Who has Time to Cook? New Directions for Food and Nutrition Policy Research on
Household Meal Production.” Paper presented by Diego Rose at the Food and Eating
Consequences of Time-Use Decisions: A Research and Policy Conference, Washington, DC,
July 2004.
62 Davis, George C., and Wen You. “Preparing Food at Home: What is the Labor Cost?”
Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Long
Beach, CA, July 23-26, 2006
63 Who Has Time to Cook? How Family Resources Influence Food Preparation.” United
States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Report Number 40. May
2007.
64 Rosenbaum, Dorothy. “Policy Brief: Boosting SNAP Benefits Would Improve Diets of
Low-Income Households.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. June 2016. https://www.
cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/6-14-16fa-pb.pdf
65 Ibid.
66 Official USDA Food Plans: Cost of Food at Home at Four Levels, U.S. Average, October
2018. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/
CostofFoodOct2018.pdf
67 “Congress-Approved Farm Bill Honors Wholesome Wave Co-Founder, Gus Schumacher.”
Wholesome Wave.
December 13, 2018. https://www.wholesomewave.org/news/congress-approved-farm-bill-honors-wholesome-wave-co-founder-gus-schumacher
68 A Qualitative Evaluation of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Insecurity Nutrition Incentive (FINI) Grant Program. Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition.
October 2018. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a4dda16a49633eac5e02a1/t/5bc8f5d4
8165f53f52c54799/1539896914855/HER+FINI.pdf
69 Evaluation of the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP). FINAL REPORT. U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service
September 2014. https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/ops/HIP-Final.pdf
70 “Food Research & Action Center’s Analysis of the Final Farm Bill Conference Report
Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018. Title IV – Nutrition.” Food Research and Action
Center. December 2018. http://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/2018-farm-bill-conference-report-analysis.pdf
71 “Neighborhoods and Health in Hawai‘i: Considering Food Accessibility and Affordability.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health. August 2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC3419825/
72 2018 Farm Bill Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) Legislative Summary & Outline.
Policy Link, Reinvestment Fund and the Food Trust. Jan 2018. https://fudge.house.gov/
uploads/HFFI%20Bill%20Summary.pdf
73 State stakeholders in California, Ohio, and Colorado have recommended that their states
adopt a statewide HHFI. Some states have implemented these measures and are seeing success in healthy food access. To read more, see Appendix 12. www.financefund.org/userfiles/
files/Other%20Documents/OH_recommFINAL.pdf and http://thefoodtrust.org/what-we-do/
administrative/hffi-impacts/hffi-impacts-case-studies/colorado
74 “The Nourishing Effect: Ending Hunger Improving Health, Reducing Inequality.” Bread
for the World Institute. 2016 Hunger Report. November 2015. http://hungerreport.org/2016/
wp-content/uploads/2015/11/HR2016-Full-Report-Web.pdf
75 Prime aged adults are adults between the ages of 18-49.
76 Based on previous analysis in 2001 from the Urban Institute, 2018 analysis from Bread
for the World Institute confirmed that more than one third of prime aged adults without
dependents live in poverty. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/61286/31026
9-Prime-Age-Adults-without-Children-or-Disabilities.PDF Bread for the World analysis based
on POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS
15 YEARS AND OVER BY SEX BY AGE: 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year
Estimates. Table B17007.
77 A Pilot Study Examining Food Insecurity and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Individuals
Recently Released from Prison. National Institute of Health. April 2013. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3733343/pdf/nihms469405.pdf
78 Examination of Cash Nutrition Assistance Program Benefits in Puerto Rico. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. August 2015. https://fns-prod.azureedge.
net/sites/default/files/ops/PuertoRico-Cash.pdf
79 Wolkomir, Elizabeth. “How Is Food Assistance Different in Puerto Rico Than in the Rest
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