IJCA - Volume 3 - Flipbook - Page 18
16
The International Journal of Conformity Assessment
Summary/Conclusions
The described test procedures for conformity
assessment of sampling have proven to be of
practical use. Deviations in planning, sampling, and
analytical results can be used for a well-founded
evaluation. Determining the sampling uncertainty is
essential for the evaluation of analytical results as
the decisive factor in assessing food safety. Based on
approaches in the literature, a corresponding project
is in preparation. The underlying assumption of a
normal or log-normal residue distribution reaches
the limits known in practice. Terrain topography,
pesticide application technology, weather in昀氀uences,
microclimate, or individual plant growth can lead to
considerable deviations that can also be re昀氀ected
in the test results. Unit-to-unit variability factors are
therefore considered, e.g., in the calculation of the
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) or the Acute Reference
Dose (ARfD). This makes harmonized sampling rules,
such as those laid down in the EU regulation, all the
more important in order to create a uniform basis for
evaluation. As long as non-destructive measurement
methods for residues are not available directly in
the 昀椀eld [23], the competence of the sampler will
continue to play a decisive role in the value of the
sample in terms of food safety.
References
1. FAO. 2017. “Manual on the Submission and
Evaluation of Pesticide Residue Data.”
2. Voysey, Phil A., Keith Jewell, and Anton J. Alldrick.
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Guideline 78. Campden BRI.
3. Andrews, Wallace H., and Thomas S. Hammack.
2003. “Food Sampling/Preparation of Sample
Homogenate.” BAM Chapter 1. U.S. FDA.
4. FAO. 2004. “General Guidelines on sampling” CAC/
GL 50-2004.
5. Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002.
“Establishing community methods of sampling for
the o昀케cial control of pesticide residues in and on
products of plant and animal origin and repealing.”
6. Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005.
“On maximum residue levels of pesticides in or
on food and feed of plant and animal origin and
amending.”
7. Ramírez Cassinello, Juan José. 2015. “Process
for the preparation of de昀椀ned positive control
samples.” DE102015115712B4, 2015-09-17.
Application 昀椀led by Analytica Alimentaria GmbH.
8. Omeroglu, Perihan Yolci, Dilek Boyacioglu, Árpad
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Second Edition. Eurachem.
10. Bouzembrak, Yamine, and H.J. van der Fels-Klerx.
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11. Wang, To-Cheng. 2023. “Developing a 昀氀exible and
e昀케cient dual sampling system for food quality
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109483.
12. Wang, Shizhen S., Travis A. Canida, John D.
Ihrie, and Stuart J. Chirtel. 2023. “Sample Size
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100134.
13. Jongenburger I., H.M.W. den Besten, and M.H.
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14. ISO 10576–1:2003. 2003. “Statistical methods
– Guidelines for the evaluation of conformity
with speci昀椀ed requirements. Part 1: General
principles.” ISO. Geneva.
15. Ambrus, Arpad. 2000. “Within and between
昀椀eld variability of residue data and sampling
implications.” Food Additives & Contaminants.
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jf60177a025.
16. Opinion of the Scienti昀椀c Panel on Plant Health.
Plant protection products and their Residues
on a request from Commission related to the
appropriate variability factor(s) to be used for
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residues in fruit and vegetables. The EFSA
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